How to: Flush DNS cache

Windows

ipconfig /flushdns

macOS

# killall -HUP mDNSResponder
# killall mDNSResponderHelper
# dscacheutil -flushcache

Linux

Linux by itself doesn't come with a DNS cache. If you're running dnsmasq, either a HUP or a restart will probably help; if you're running systemd-resolved, may God be with you.

Chromium

chrome://net-internals/#dns → "Clear host cache"

Firefox

Technically it's possible via either setting network.dnsCacheEntries and network.dnsCacheExpiration to 0 within about:config or using the "Clear Recent History" dialogue with the "Cache" option checked... or just opening about:networking#dns and waiting until the two-minute cache interval expires. (At least it seems that all entries posess a two-minute lifetime on my machine.)